Enter your Name:   Enter your E-mail Address:  Define the following terms: 01a. Lower respiratory tract 01b. Ventilation 01c. Internal respiration 01d. Pneumothorax 01e. Compliance 01f. Tidal volume 01g. Functional residual capacity 02. Identify the organs in the following figure: 02. a-f Match each of the following respiratory abnormalities with its description 03. Pneumonia 04. Respiratory distress syndrome 05. Emphysema 06. Pneumothorax a. Difficulty exhaling due to lack of elastic tissue b. A loss of negative pressure in the pleural cavity c. A lung infection which builds up fluid in the alveoli d. Difficulty inhaling due to a lack of surfactant in the alveolar fluid 07. A person's diaphragm is contracted. What is the pressure in the lungs compared to that of the atmosphere while the air is still flowing? 08. A person's abdominal muscles are tightly contracted for breathing purposes. Is the person inhaling or exhaling? Is the breathing normal or forced? 09. A person's sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are contracted as far as possible for the purpose of breathing. Is the volume of air in the lungs closest to the tidal volume, residual capacity, functional residual capacity, or total lung capacity? 10. A person's airway becomes partially blocked due to an obstruction. Of the six factors which increase the efficiency of external respiration, which is affected? 11. In going from the lumen of the alveolus to the loumen of a capillary, a molecule of oxygen encounters the alveolar fluid, then the epithelium of the alveolus, then the interstitial space, then the endothelium of the capillary. What two layers of the respiratory membrane were left out of this description? 12. In the Hering-Breuer reflex, receptors in the bronchioles send signals to what part of the brain? Are the signals excitatory or inhibitory? 13. Blood pH is falling. What can the respiratory system do to help rectify the situation? 14. Fill in the blanks: The first stage of aerobic respiration is (a)____________. In this stage, glucose is broken down into two molecules of (b)____________, which then enter the second stage of aerobic respiration. It takes two molecules of (c)____________ to start the process, but by the end, (d)____________ molecules of that same substance are made. In addition, 2 molecules of NAD+ are converted to 2 molecules of (e)____________, which head to the final stage of aerobic respiration. 14. a-e The second stage of aerobic respiration is (f)____________. In this stage, the products of the first stage are converted to acetyl coenzyme-A. This results in two molecules of (g)____________ being converted to NADH, which head to the final stage of aerobic respiration. 14. f-g The third stage of aerobic respiration is the (h)____________. In this stage, the acetyl coenzyme-A is reacted with (i)____________, which, after a series of reactions, is produced again, ready to start the next cycle. In the process, four molecules of (j)____________ are produced, along with six molecules of NADH and two molecules of (k)____________, which all head to the final stage of aerobic respiration. 14. h-k The final stage of aerobic respiration is (l)____________. In this stage, the (m)____________ and (n)____________ made in the previous stages release their electrons and their (o)____________. The electrons travel through a chain of carrier proteins that use the energy of the electrons to transport hydrogen ions over the inner mitochondrial membrande. When the hydrogen ions come back through the membrane, 32 molecules of (p)____________ are formed. 14. l-p