Chemistry Relevant Links Page 2nd Edition

General links that relate to the course as a whole:

Errata for the First Printing of this book. (Updated 02/15/06) You need the Acrobat Reader to view this Errata for the Second Printing of this book. (Updated 02/15/06) You need the Acrobat Reader to view this Errata for the Third Printing of this book. (Updated 02/15/06) You need the Acrobat Reader to view this Errata for the Fourth Printing of this book. (Updated 02/15/06) You need the Acrobat Reader to view this Careers in Chemistry Virtual Chemistry Lab This website has FLASH simulations of many chemistry labs. To get a simulation, click on the picture of the simulation, and the website will download a ZIP file to your computer. Put the zip file somewhere you can find it, and then open it and pull both files it contains into the same folder. Then, double-click on the HTML file, and the simulation will play for you. There are also tutorials you can click on to learn how the experiment works and how to analyze the "data."

Links for Module #1

Extra Help for Module #1 Factor-label method help This site has more instruction on the factor-label method. Also, there are several worksheets at the bottom to give you more practice if you need it. Help on the harder unit conversions This site has a flash tutorial on the more difficult conversions in the course. The example I point you to in this link (Example 1) relates directly to the course material. "Example 2" is more advanced than what is in the course, and the Practice problems are split into "Easy ones" and "Real Practice." The "Easy ones""are more like those in the course, and the "Real Practice" problems are more advanced than what is in the course. Factor-label method help This site has more instruction on the factor-label method. It is set up in a nice way, allowing you to think about the solution and then click on a button to reveal the solution. Factor-label method help This site has more instruction on the more difficult conversion problems. It is set up in a nice way, allowing you to think about the solution and then click on a button to reveal the solution. Significant figures help This site has an excellent summary of the rules for significant figures as well as examples of how to use them. Ignore their discussion of rounding, however, as they are wrong. In science, we do not round when the number being dropped is 0-4, and we round up when the number being dropped is 5-9. Although they claim that dropping a zero does not change the value of the number, that is only true when EVERY digit you drop is zero. Dropping the last three digits in 5.1045 does, indeed, change the value of the number despite the fact that the first number you drop is a zero. In terms of the number line, when you do not round on 0-4 and round up on 5-9, you are statistically rounding up as often as you are rounding down. Extra scientific notation problems This site gives you all of the practice you will ever need converting from scientific notation to decimal or vice-versa. Density help This site gives goes over the kind of density problems you need to know how to solve. It is set up in a nice way, allowing you to think about the solution and then click on a button to reveal the solution. Density problems This site gives you more density practice problems. Extra problems This site gives you more practice problems on significant figures, scientific notation, unit conversion, and density. Interesting links related to Module #1 A Website Describing the Mars Climate Orbiter Click here to see the original mission of the Mars Climate Orbiter and the official report that details the units problem that caused the loss of the spacecraft. Powers of 10 An interesting little visual display that starts out looking at the universe in terms of very large scales and then increasingly zooms in on the earth by powers of 10. A nice trip from the scale of the universe to that of quarks! Online converter This site can convert any unit to just about any other relevant unit. Although this is an interesting novelty, DO NOT use this when doing the conversions in your book. You need to learn the factor-label method of unit conversion, as the factor-label method makes up about 35% of all that you will learn in this course! Significant figures fable. Here is a nice fable about the importance of significant figures. It illustrates an important point - not paying attention to significant figures can be costly. Density "lab" This is a "virtual lab" relating density to whether or not something will float. It is a bit juvenile, but it is cute. Cartesian Diver Experiment This is a clever little experiment that utilizes the concept of density. Click on the "how it works" link for an explanation.

Advanced work for Module #1 More advanced unit conversions This site teaches you how to do more complex conversions such as coversions on density and speed units using a flash tutorial. There are also some practice problems at the end. 'Fun' With Dimensional Analysis This site goes through many applications of the factor-label method. It starts out simple, but it gets pretty advanced.

Links for Module #2

Extra Help for Module #2 Energy, Work, Heat, and Temperature This site has a discussion of the energy concepts discussed in Module #2. Heating curves This site has a discussion of heating curves. Extra problems This site has more problems on energy exchange. If you do not cover the advanced topics listed for this module, don't worry about problems 7, 9, 10, and 11-21. Thermochemistry and Calorimetry This site discusses how to use Equation (2.3) as well as the most basic type of calorimetry problem. Calorimetry This site discusses how to solve calorimetry problems. Handout on calorimetry. This is a handout a teacher who uses the book (Jill Pike) gives to her students. It helps you order the information you have in a calorimetry problem so that you know what you need to do. You need the Acrobat Reader to view this Interesting Links Related to Module #2 Bomb Calorimeter animation This website discusses a specific type of calorimeter, the "bomb" calorimeter. There is a link on this page to an animation that shows how a bomb calorimeter works. "Magic" fire This site shows you how a chemical reaction can turn potential energy (in the bonds of the molecules) to kinetic energy (fire). Origin of the Celsius temperature scale This site discusses the original experiments that led to the Celsius temperature scale. Anders Celsius This site gives a biography of the scientist who came up with the Celsius temprature scale. Daniel Fahrenheit This site gives a biography of the scientist after whom the Fahrenheit temperature scale is named. Lord William Thomson Kelvin This site gives a biography of the scientist after whom the Kelvin temperature scale is named. It concentrates on his Christian faith. One of my favorite quotes by Kelvin is, "Do not be afraid of being free thinkers! If you think strongly enough you will be forced by science to the belief in God, which is the foundation of all religion. You will find science not antagonistic but helpful to religion." Advanced work for Module #2 Energy associated with phase changes This site discusses the energetics involved when water changes phase. Fully analyzing heating curves This site teaches more on the subject of heats associated with phase changes. It also teaches you how to fully analyze the energetics of a heating curve. There are interactive examples and a worked-out problem.

Links for Module #3

Extra Help for Module #3 Chemical Formulas This site has more explanation of chemical formulas. The Chemical Formula of Water This site has pictures of a demonstration that shows there is twice as much hydrogen as oxygen in water. Naming Ionic Compounds This site has a few more examples of naming ionic compounds. Naming Covalent Compounds This site has a few more examples of naming covalent compounds. Naming Covalent Compounds This slide and the next one also explains naming covalent compounds. Interesting Links Related to Module #3 Animation of "The Elements" by Tom Lehrer This is a scream! If you have the chemistry CD (or the multimedia companion), you have an audio version of the funniest song in chemistry ("The Elements" by Tom Lehrer). Here is a flash animation of that song. Even if you have heard the song, you need to visit this site, because the animation adds a lot! (NOTE: Both Tom Lehrer and this guy have some outlandish political views, so don't pay any attention to the links on the site. I really like the animation, though.) The Dihydrogen Monoxide Research Division This site is dedicated to understanding the environmental impact of dihydrogen monoxide. If you don't get it, think about the chemical formula... Hyperlinked Periodic Chart This website has a very detailed periodic chart. You can click on a given element to learn a great deal about that element. Visual Periodic Chart This website has an interesting visual interpreation of the periodic chart. Wooden Periodic Chart This guy has too much time on his hands. Democritus This website discusses Democritus and his philosophy. Dmitrii Mendeleev This website has a biography of the creator of the Periodic Chart. Mendeleev's original Periodic Chart An interesting bit of history. A lecture by the creator of the Periodic Chart This is a lecture given by Dmitrii Mendeleev to the Chemical Society. It details his thoughts on why he created the perodic chart. John Dalton This website has a good biography of John Dalton, mentioning his Christian Faith. Excerpts from "A New System of Chemical Philosophy" This website has excerpts from Dalton's seminal paper on his atomic theory. Advanced work for Module #3 Mass Energy Equivalence This site discusses the idea that mass and energy are really different aspects of the same thing. This leads to Einstein's famous equation E=mc 2 . Using E=mc2 This site teaches you how to use Einstein's famous equation. This is a type of mass conservation, because mass and energy are really just two aspects of the same thing. Thus, the proper Law of Mass Conservation must include the fact that mass can be converted into energy and vice-versa. This kind of conversion never happens in chemical reactions, however, so I don't go over it in the book. Naming Organic Compounds This site discusses how to name organic compounds. You need to click on "Naming Organic Compounds" and then "Alkanes" to get to the discussion. You might need to wait until after you have finished Module #8 before you study this, as it refers to Lewis structures, which I do not discuss until Module #8.

Links for Module #4

Extra Help for Module #4 Flow Chart for Matter Classification This site gives you a nice flow chart to follow in order to determine whether a substance is an element, compound, heterogeneous mixture, or homogeneous mixture. Chemical and Physical Change This site has a discussion of chemical and physical change. Classifying Matter and Its Changes This site has extra problems on identifying elements, compounds, and mixtures as well as chemical and physical changes. You can skip #4, as it is really not discussed in the text. Balancing a Chemical Equation using Pictures This site has a pictoral representation of balancing a chemical reaction. Balancing Chemical Equations More help and extra problems on balancing chemical equations. Interesting Links Related to Module #4 Liquid that turns solid when you heat it! This shows you that nearly EVERY rule in chemistry can be broken. The researchers in this story have found a liquid that turns solid when you heat it. Video of Liquid Nitrogen and a Rose There are three video clips at the bottom of the page. First, liquid nitrogen is poured into a container. The vapors are the result of the nitrogen evaporating. Then, a rose is immersed in the liquid nitrogen. Since nitrogen condenses at -196 o C, liquid nitrogen is quite cold, and the rose freezes. Finally, the rose is shattered because it is brittle. ALL of the things going on here are simply PHYSICAL changes. Liquid Oxygen Blowing Up Baloons The baloons in the animation are being blown up by the evaporation of nitrogen from liquid nitrogen. So much nitrogen evaporates that eventually, the baloons pop. This is just a physical change. Exploding Bubbles The bubbles in the animation have hydrogen and a bit of oxygen in them. When they ignite, they explode. This is a chemical change. Kinetic Theory of Matter Animation This website has a nice animation of the kinetic theory of matter and how it relates to the phase of a substance. Pick a substance and then click on the thermometer to choose a temperature. The animation will show you how the atoms or molecules of the substance behave at that temperature. Another Kinetic Theory Another Kinetic Theory of Matter Animation This website has another animation of the kinetic theory of matter. If you adjust the thermometer, you will see how the motion of the gas molecules changes. There is a graph to the right that shows you the speeds of molecules. Raise the temperature to its maximum value; the result is cute. Balancing Chemical Equations This site has a java applet that helps you balance equations. The nice part about it is that it draws the molecules as you balance them so that you see what the numbers in a chemical equation mean. Advanced work for Module #4 Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution This site discusses the distributions of speeds that one finds in the atoms or molecules of a gas at different temperatures. Kinetic Theory of Matter Applet This site has an applet that shows how the atoms or molecules in a gas follow the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution.

Links for Module #5

Extra Help for Module #5 Determining the Molecular Mass This site has a discussion how how to determine the molecular mass of a compound. They call it "molecular weight," which is not correct (your answer is in atomic MASS units), but other than that, the tutorial is good. Help on the Mole Concept This site has a discussion of the mole concept, including some history. More Help on the Mole Concept This site has a several page discussion on moles and the mole concept. Just keep clicking on the right arrow to advance the discussion. Still More Help on Moles This site has a discussion of the mole concept and some problems to do. Grams to Moles conversions This site has a discussion of how to convert from grams to moles. Moles to Grams conversions This site has a discussion of how to convert from moles to grams. Help on the Mole and More This site is a nice review of the important points of the course. The author uses slightly different language than I do ("formula units" instead of "molecules" and "counting units" instead of "atoms"), but the author does explain them. Each example given initially has no solution so that you can try to work it out. Then, if you click on the box labeled "click," the solution will appear. For this module, you should not go beyond the section labeled "Summary: 4 conversion factors."" Help on the Moles Concept in Chemical Equations This site shows you how to interpret chemical equations using moles. Help on Problems like Example 5.8 This site shows you how to determine the number of moles of any substance in a chemical equation given the moles of another substance in the equation. Interesting Links Related to Module #5 Grams, Moles, and Atoms This is a JAVA applet that tries to get you to visualize the relationship between grams, moles, and atoms. The Decomposition of Water This site has pictures and a discussion of the decomposition of water. The Ammonium Dichromate Volcano This site has video of the amazing decomposition of ammonium dichromate. Note that this reaction doesn't produce elements, but it is still technically a decomposition reaction. Even though a flame is used to start the reaction, note that this is NOT combustion, because no oxygen is being added. It is decomposition. Classic Formation Reaction This site has video of the formation reaciton in Figure 5.2. The Combustion of Methanol Vapors This site has video of the combustion of methanol gas. Biography of Avogadro This is a biography of Avogadro. There is also a fictional interview with him and his wife. National Mole Day Site Even I think these guys like chemistry a little too much! Advanced work for Module #5 More on the Kinetic Theory of Matter Now that you understand what a mole is, you can learn more about the kinetic theory of matter. Graham's Law of Diffusion Another consequence of the kinetic theory of matter.

Links for Module #6

Extra Help for Module #6 Stoichiometery Help This site has a discussion of how to solve stoichiometry problems. There are many examples and worksheets. More Stoichiometery Help This website discusses stoichiometry, moles, etc. The diagram of a chemical equation is particularly helpful. More Stoichiometery Help A very detailed discussion of stoichiometry. What will help you most for this module is near the bottom of the page. Search for "3.9 Stoichiometric Calculations Using Balanced Equations" Stoichiometery Problems This site generates stoichiometry problems for you to work. Work out the problem and type in the answer. If you get it wrong three times, clicking "show answer" will give you the solution. Limiting Reactant Animation An interesting flash animation of limiting reactants in the reaction of oxygen and nitrogen monoxide. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Empirical Formulas A discussion of how to determine the empirical formula of a compound followed by two examples. Empirical Formula Problems This site gives you a problem at a time. Just type your answer (there is no box - just start typing) and hit "enter." The website will check your answer and tell you whether or not it is correct. If you click on "help," you get hints. Interesting Links Related to Module #6 Stoichiometry Applet An interesting little Java applet that shows you how a chemical reaction proceeds, both in grams and moles. Slide the blue dot to the right to watch the mass and moles of the reactants turn into mass and moles of products for the reaction. If you click on the reactants or products, you can change the reaction. Limiting Reactant Animation An interesting flash animation of limiting reactants in the reaction of oxygen and nitrogen monoxide. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Combustion Applet An interesting Java applet that allows you to visualize the combusion of a gas in excess oxygen and see how the starting amount of the gas affects the amounts of the products. You must follow the steps in order. Empirical Formula Calculator This website allows you to choose elements in a compound, give the mass of each, and it will calculate the empirical formula. Note that you CANNOT use this on the test! Breathalyzers A nice discussion of how breathalyzers work. The alcohol content in breath is essentially measured with stoichiometry. Advanced work for Module #6 Determining the Limiting Reactant In this course, I always tell you the reactants that are in excess, so in essence, I tell you the limiting reactant. This site explains how you can determine the limiting reactant yourself. More on Determining the Limiting Reactant Another discussion of determining the limiting reactant (they call it "limiting reagent"). There is a problem for you to do at the end, and then you can check the solution. Limiting Reactant Problems This website will generate limiting reactant problems for you and give you the answer so that you can check your work. Percent Yield One other concept in stoichiometry is "percent yield." It is essentially a measure of how well an experiment goes. This website explains it. Percent Yield Problems This website will generate percent yield problems for you and give you the answer so that you can check your work.

Links for Module #7

Extra Help for Module #7 Isotopes of Carbon A pictoral representation of isotopes of carbon. Number of Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in an Atom A discussion on how to determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom. There are questions that you can answer and then check to see if you are correct. Why is the Sky Blue? A discussion of the wave nature of light and how that makes the sky blue. Wavelength, Energy, and Frequency A discussion of how to relate wavelength, frequency, and energy of light. They use the Greek letter nu ("v") instead of "f" to symbolize frequency. Click on the "exercises" link for sample problems. Animation Discussing the Fact That Excited Atoms Emit Individual Wavelengths of Light A nice flash animation of hydrogen's emission spectrum. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Discussion of the Bohr Model and How Light is Absorbed and Emitted A nice discussion of the Bohr model, focusing on how photons are absorbed and emitted. There is a nice JAVA applet near the bottom of the page that allows you to click on different orbits and watch light be absorbed or emitted. Electron Configurations A nice discussion how to write electron configurations. Electron Configuration Practice Problems on electron configurations. Click on the "check" icon to get the answers. Interesting Links Related to Module #7 Biography of William Crookes A detailed biography of the man who invented the Crookes (cathode ray) tube. The Manhattan Project A discussion of the Manhattan Project from the National Atomic Museum. Isotopic Enrichment Techniques A discussion of the various methods used for isotopic enrichment. Although the general processes are given, not enough detail is provided for you to enrich your own supply of uranium. Sorry! Ernest Rutherford A site dedicated to the scientist who first put the protons in their proper place in the atom. Animation of Rutherford's Experiment A nice flash animation of Rutherford's experiment. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Particle/Wave Duality of Light This site discusses the dual nature of light. Animation Discussing the Fact That Excited Atoms Emit Individual Wavelengths of Light A nice flash animation of hydrogen's emission spectrum. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Animation of the Bohr Model and How Light is Absorbed and Emitted A nice flash animation of the Bohr model, focusing on how photons are absorbed and emitted. Choose the photon energy to see how the electron reacts, and then watch what happens when the electron de-excites. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Electron Orbitals An interesting site that shows you the shapes of orbitals up to 7g. For several of the orbitals, there are also various ways of viewing them. Advanced work for Module #7 How Light Works A detailed discussion on light. Mathematical Derivation of the Bohr Model Although I just talked conceptually about the Bohr model, Bohr mathematically derived the energy of each orbit in the hydrogen atom as well as a mathematical formula to predict the wavelengths of light emitted by excited hydrogen atoms. This website has a discussion of that derivation. Using the Math of the Bohr Model This is a more detailed discussion of the development of the Bohr Model. It does not go through the derivation of how Bohr got his math, but it does APPLY the math. Thus, even if you did not understand the derivation from the previous website, you can still understand this website. Quantum Numbers In the quantum mechanical model, there are four characteristic numbers (quantum numbers) that uniquely identify each electron in an atom. This site discusses what they are and how you assign them. More on Quantum Numbers Another discussion of quantum numbers in case the one above didn't sink in.

Links for Module #8

Extra Help for Module #8 Ion Charges A picture to help you keep in mind the charges that ions have in ionic compounds. Chemical Formuals of Ionic Compounds A nice discussion of ionic compounds and their formulas. More on Chemical Formuals of Ionic Compounds A discussion of how to determine the chemical formula of an ionic compound. For this module, go through part III. Parts IV and V are for the next module. Chemical Formuals of Ionic Compounds This will generate as many problems as you want. Each time you click on "New Problem," you will see a name. You have to determine the chemical formula. There are some colvalent compounds, which will be review from Module #3, but most are ionic compounds, which are relevant to this module. Some of the ionic compounds have polyatomic ions in them, which you will not learn about until the next module, so don't worry if you can't get EVERY one. Drawing Lewis Structures Another method for drawing Lewis Structures. This method ends up giving you the same answer as my method, so if you like this one more, use it. Flash Program for Lewis Structures An interesting Flash program that lets you draw Lewis Structures with single bonds. For multiple bonds, it animates how the structure is drawn. You must have the Flash Player to view this. More on Lewis Structures This site gives you problems to work, a couple of worked-out examples, and then answers to the problems that it originally gave you. Periodic Properties A discussion of the periodic properties of elements. Atomic Radius This is an audiovisual presentation about atomic radius and how it varies across the chart. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Interesting Links Related to Module #8 Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir A discussion of the two men who led chemists to an understanding of the covalent bond. Note that Lewis was homeschooled. The Atom and the Molecule The paper in which Lewis first proposed how atoms join to form molecules. Webelements Atomic Radius Chart This shows you how atomic radius varies across the chart in a graphical way. Using the navigation bar on the left, you can choose many other graphical ways of illustrating how atomic radius varies across the periodic chart. Webelements Ionization Potential Chart This shows you how ionization potential (they call it 'ionization energy') varies across the chart in a graphical way. Using the navigation bar on the left, you can choose many other graphical ways of illustrating how ionization potential varies across the periodic chart. Webelements Electronegativity Chart This shows you how electronegativity varies across the chart in a graphical way. Using the navigation bar on the left, you can choose many other graphical ways of illustrating how electronegativity varies across the periodic chart. Ozone and Human Health A discussion of the human risks associated with ozone depletion. The Ozone Layer's Natural Fluctuation A great site that graphically shows the natural fluctuations in the ozone layer. Advanced work for Module #8 Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions The second and third sections of this website show you how to draw Lewis structures for molecules that have an overall charge. Lewis Structures for Molecules that Break the Octet Rule Virtually every rule you learn in this course has exceptions. Here is how to handle exceptions to the octet rule. Resonance Structures Multiple bonds can be "spread" over several atoms. Here is a discussion of this phenomenon. Formal Charge The concept of formal charge allows you to compare the electrons an atom "normally" has to the number of electrons that an atom "has" in a molecule. Ionic Radius This is an audiovisual presentation on how the radius of atoms and ions change across the periodic chart. You have to sit through a discussion of atomic radius to get to a discussion of ionic radius. You must have the Flash Player to view this.

Links for Module #9

Extra Help for Module #9 Chemical Formulas of Compounds With Polyatomic Ions This site gives you a discussion of how to determine the chemical formulas of compounds that have polyatomic ions. It also has several questions to help you practice. More on Chemical Formulas of Compounds With Polyatomic Ions This is another site that starts with simple ionic compounds and then expands to compounds that contain polyatomic ions. Electronic Flashcards for Polyatomic Ions This site has a memorization activity that may help you memorize the polyatomic ions. Help on VSEPR This site discusses VSEPR in a slightly different way than the book. It might help you. You need only learn the AX4, AX3, and AX2 for this course. If you click on the "Class" in the bottom table, you get some animations. More Help on VSEPR Here is another discussion of VSEPR theory. If you do the downloads discussed at the top of the page, you get some really nice animations, and you can even twirl molecules in 3-dimensional space using your mouse. For this course, you only need to worry about what they call "Steric numbers 2-4." Using CHIME to Visualize Molecular Geometry This website discusses molecular geometry using very good visuals. If you download the CHIME plugin, you can really use this website! To do this, click on a geometry at the top (linear, trigonal planar, etc.). Then, click on "Chime in new window." When you do that, you will get a drawing of the molecule that you can twirl around using your mouse! Polar Covalent or Purely Covalent This website discusses how to determine whether or not a molecule is polar. They use the term "non-polar" rather than "purely covalent." Interesting Links Related to Module #9 Using CHIME to Visualize Molecular Geometry This website discusses molecular geometry using very good visuals. If you download the CHIME plugin, you can really use this website! To do this, click on a geometry at the top (linear, trigonal planar, etc.). Then, click on "Chime in new window." When you do that, you will get a drawing of the molecule that you can twirl around using your mouse! Shape and Enzyme Function This website discusses how the shape of an enzyme affects its function. Start on this page and then go to page 25. Shapes and the 'Divine Proportion' This is an interesting discussion of the general shapes you see in Creation. Shapes and Design This is an interesting discussion of how the geometry of molecules strongly points to a Creator. Advanced work for Module #9 Advanced VSEPR This site has a detailed discussion of VSEPR theory. It starts off with the basic shapes I discuss in the book, but then it goes on to complex shapes like trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral. More Advanced VSEPR This site has some nice animations, especially if you do the downloads discussed at the top of the page. The book covers what they call "Steric Numbers 2-4," and the advanced geometries are called "Steric Numbers 5 and 6." Orbital Hybridization This site is an audiovisual presentation on how atomic orbitals "mix" to form what are called 'hybrid orbitals.' These hybrid orbitals are really responsible for molecular shape. You must have the Flash Player to view this. A More Graphic Discussion of Orbital Hybridization This site has a summary of molecular orbital hydribization so that you do not have to listen to the full presentation of the previous site every time.

Links for Module #10

Extra Help for Module #10 Definition of Acids and Bases This site gives you a discussion of acids and bases. There are interactive examples that will help you understand what is being discussed. Acid Animations This site gives you a series of animations to try and help visualize the reaction of an acid with a covalent base like water. There are three animations. You page through the animations with the red arrow. When you are done with an animation, click on the blue "Next" button on the top left-hand side of the page to get to the next animation. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Acid/Base Reactions This website discusses the acid/base reactions that are of the form acid + base --> salt + water. If you are having trouble determining the salt produced, you have probably forgotten what you learned in Modules 8 and 9. To remind yourself of those concepts, review the section entitlted "Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds" in Module #8, specifically Example 8.2. Also, review the section entitled, "Polyatomic Ions" in Module #9, specifically Example 9.1. Molarity A good discussion of Molarity and how to use it. There is a link to a worksheet on the bottom to give you more practice. Dilution A good discussion of the dilution equation and how to use it. There are practice problems at the bottom to give you more practice. Molarity and Stoichiometry A good discussion of how to apply the concept of Molarity to stoichiometry problems. Molarity and Stoichiometry Worksheet This is an online worksheet for molarity and stoichiometry problems. The worksheet will give you hints if you ask for them, and it will check your answer. Acid/Base Titration This website has a good discussion of acid/base titrations with worked-out examples. Interesting Links Related to Module #10 More Acid/Base Properties This website gives a total of 5 properties of acids and bases, and it also discusses some history. Early Ideas of Acids and Bases This website discusses some of the early chemists and their thoughts on acids and bases. The Ammonia Fountain This is an interesting demonstration that exploits how ammonia reacts with water and the properties of the acid/base indicator phenolphthalein. There is video for both Windows and Mac. A Virtual Titration This website allows you to perform a virtual titration. By varying the acid, you can see how the number of protons donated by the acid affects the endpoint. Household Acids and Bases An experiment to investigate the acid/base nature of household products. I expect that your tap water will not be acidic as discussed in the teacher's notes. It will probably be basic due to mineral salts that are in most city water. Advanced work for Module #10 Three Definitions of Acids and Bases There are actually three different theories on what acids and bases are. I talk about the most useful of the three, but you might be interested in learning the other two. Conjugate Acids and Bases When an acid reacts, what is left behind is called a "conjugate base." When a base reacts, what is left behind is a "conjugate acid." Here is a discussion of this concept. Conjugate Acids and Bases Worksheet A worksheet to see if you understand conjugate acids and bases.

Links for Module #11

Extra Help for Module #11 Animation of Salt Dissolving in Water This is a nice animation of how salt dissolves in water. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Molality A good discussion of molality, including examples and practice problems. Freezing Point Depression A good discussion of freezing point depression, including examples and practice problems. Boiling Point Elevation A good discussion of boiling point elevation with examples and practice problems. Interesting Links Related to Module #11 Animation of Salt Dissolving in Water This is a nice animation of how salt dissolves in water. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Interesting Application of Freezing Point Depression This is a nice discussion of the wood frog. The frog actually freezes in the winter, but the water in his cells does not, because he uses glucose to lower the water's freezing point. Advanced work for Module #11 Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis Another property of solutions that I did not discuss is osmosis. You can learn about that here.

Links for Module #12

Extra Help for Module #12 A Good Review of the Main Concepts of this Module This website has a good discussion of the highlights of this module. You can choose the topics you want to review. If you want to hear sound (he's pretty monotone), choose the top links. If you just want to read, choose the bottom links. Practice for the Combined Gas Law This website will give you an infinite number of problems on the combined gas law. Each time you hit "New Problem," you are given five of the six variables in the combined gas law, and you have to calculate the sixth. More Problems Here is series of quizzes on various gas law problems. Choose a quiz based on the topic. You can check your answers by clicking on "Grade Quiz." Combined Gas Law A review of the combined gas law with examples and practice problems. Dalton's Law A review of Dalton's law with examples and practice problems. Vapor Pressure A review of the concept of vapor pressure. Ideal Gas Law A review of the ideal gas law with examples and practice problems. Ideal Gas Law Problems This website will give you an infinite number of problems on the ideal gas law. Gas Law Stoichiometry A review of stoichiometry with gases. It has examples and practice problems. Interesting Links Related to Module #12 Animation of Boyle's Law This is a nice animation of Boyle's Law. You can change the volume and see how the pressure changes. You can even graph the results. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Animation of Charles's Law This is a nice animation of Charles's Law. You can change the temperature and see how the volume changes. You can even graph the results. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Animation of the Difference Between Gases and Liquids This is a nice animation that shows you the difference between liquids and gases on an atomic level. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Blaise Pascal This is a biolgraphy of Blaise Pascal. It concentrates on his Christian Faith. My favorite quote about nature comes from Pascal: "Nature has some perfections to show that she is the image of God, and some defects to show that she is only His image." Blaise Pascal's apologetics This is a good discussion of Pascal's arguments for the Christian faith. His best argument, "Pascal's Wager," is discussed. Robert Boyle This is a biolgraphy of Robert Boyle. It concentrates on his Christian Faith. My favorite quote by him comes from a speech he gave to the Royal Society, a group of scientists in England. He said, "Remember to give glory to the One who authored nature.&uot; That should be the main goal of any scientist. Jacques Charles This is a biography of Jacques Charles. Jacques Charles's Balloon Adventure This is an expanded version of the balloon story mentioned in Charles's biography. The Chemistry of Scuba Diving This website has a discussion of the chemistry concepts you learned in this module and how they relate to scuba diving. Advanced work for Module #12 Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law If you are interested in where the ideal gas law comes from, here is the derivation. You will need the Acrobat Reader to read this. Van der Waals Equation The ideal gas law works only under ideal conditions. Here is a gas law that is a bit more realistic. Osmotic Pressure This website is a discussion of osmosis, which was in the advanced topics of Module #11, and osmotic pressure, which relates to both Module #11 and this module.

Links for Module #13

Extra Help for Module #13 Exothermic/Endothermic Analogy Comparing exothermic and endothermic reactions to a sponge. This is a part of the overall website called CHEMICAL REACTION ANALOGIES. Calculating Enthalpy Change in terms of Bond Energies A review of how to calculate delta H from bond energies. Calculating Enthalpy Change From Hess's Law A review of how to calculate delta H from Hess's Law. There are examples and practice problems. Energy Diagrams A Narrated animation of endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of energy diagrams. You must have the Flash Player to view this. More on Energy Diagrams A good discussion (with animations) of endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of energy diagrams. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Energy Diagrams A review of how to interpret energy diagrams. Entropy Change in Chemical Reactions A review of how to determine the sign of Delta S as well as a value for Delta S in a chemical reaction. It has examples and problems for you to work. Gibbs Free Energy Change in Chemical Reactions A review of the Gibbs Free Energy, how to calculate it, and what it means for a chemical reaction. There are examples and practice problems for you to do. Interesting Links Related to Module #13 Endothermic Reaction An endothermic reaction you can do at home. Energy Diagrams A Narrated animation of endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of energy diagrams. You must have the Flash Player to view this. More on Energy Diagrams A good discussion (with animations) of endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of energy diagrams. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Evolution and the Second Law of Thermodynamics A good discussion that the (unconfirmed) hypothesis of evolution does not contradict the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Germain Henri Hess A brief biography of the author of Hess's Law. Josiah Willard Gibbs A biography of the author of the Gibbs Free Energy, who was a Christian. Advanced work for Module #13 Another Application of Hess's Law Hess's Law can be used in ways other than Equation (13.9). This website discusses another application of Hess's Law. You must have the Flash Player to view all of the examples on this page. roblems on the Other Application of Hess's Law Here are some problems on this application of Hess's Law.

Links for Module #14

Extra Help for Module #14 Kinetics Simulator This is a nice animation simulating a chemical reaction. The reaction is RED + YELLOW --> GREEN + BLUE. For this module, set the value of k_r to zero and click 'restart simulation.' If you vary the amounts of reactants, you can see how the rate of the reaction changes. There is also a graph (called a 'stripchart') that you can turn on. Determining the Rate Equation This is a good discussion of how to use experiments to determine the rate equation. Do not go on to the part that starts, "Another type of problem often encountered in kinetics involves the determination of the energy of activation for a chemical process." That's beyond the scope of this course. Activation Energy and rate This is a good discussion of how the activation energy of a reaction affects the rate. Note the pictures - they are helpful. Do not go on to the part labeled "The Arrhenius Equation." That's beyond the scope of this course. Catalysts This is a nice discussion of catalysts. There is a very interesting part near the end, starting at the section labeled "Enzymes." It shows how biological catalysts work. Interesting Links Related to Module #14 The Importance of Orientation in the Collisions Between Molecules and Atoms This is a nice animation discussing how the orientation between molecules and atoms in a collision is important in determining whether or not the chemicals react. It mentions a term you do not know (the orientation factor in the Arrhrenius equation), but don't worry about that. You must have the Flash Player to view this page. Kinetics Simulator This is a nice animation simulating a chemical reaction. The reaction is RED + YELLOW --> GREEN + BLUE. For this module, set the value of k_r to zero and click 'restart simulation.' If you vary the amounts of reactants, you can see how the rate of the reaction changes. There is also a graph (called a 'stripchart') that you can turn on. Enzyme Catalysts This is a nice discussion of "Enzymes," which are biological catalysts. Catalytic Converters This is a nice discussion of how catalytic converters work. Biological Design This is a nice discussion of the design we see in biological molecules. The material that relates to this module is near the end, in the section labeled "enzymes." Advanced work for Module #14 First and Second Order Reactions A more detailed discussion of kinetics when a reaction has an order of one or two. This gets into a discussion of half-life, which is very interesting. Activation Energy and rate This is a good discussion of how the activation energy of a reaction affects the rate. Note the pictures - they are helpful. The part that is labeled "The Arrhenius Equation" is an advanced topic. It shows you how the rate constant can be determined using a method other than the one discussed in the text. Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics A more detailed discussion of reaction mechanisms and how you can use them to determine rate equations.

Links for Module #15

Extra Help for Module #15 How Equilibrium is established This website has a nice animation of a system that reaches equilibrium. You can vary the concentration of the reactants and see how that affects the final concentration of products and reactants. LeChatelier's Principle This website has a great narrated animation of LeChatelier's Principle. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Weak and Strong Acids This website has a great narrated animation of the difference between weak and strong acids. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Help on Equilibrium This website has a lot of help on equilibrium. Parts 1-4 relate to this course. Please note that they use the letter "Q" to represent the equilibrium constant equation prior to the point where equilibrium is established. Equilibrium Constant This website has a good review of the equilibrium constant. Calculating the Equilibrium Constant This website has a good review of how to calculate the equilibrium constant. LeChatelier's Principle This website has a good review of LeChatelier's Principle. pH scale A good graphic on the pH scale, with the pH of many common substances. Acid Ionization This website has a good review of acid ionization. Base Ionization This website has a good review of base ionization. Interesting Links Related to Module #15 How Equilibrium is established This website has a nice animation of a system that reaches equilibrium. You can vary the concentration of the reactants and see how that affects the final concentration of products and reactants. LeChatelier's Principle This website has a great narrated animation of LeChatelier's Principle. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Weak and Strong Acids This website has a great narrated animation of the difference between weak and strong acids. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Acids and Cave Formation This is a good discussion of how the amount of acid in water affects how quickly caves can form. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Findings This is a summary of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). It documents that the acid rain problem is under control and that the problem is actually less severe than it has been in years. pH Control in the Human Body This is an excerpt from our advanced biology book. It explains how the pH of your blood is controlled. You need the Acrobat Reader to view this. Napoleon and Equilibrium This website discusses how we have Napoleon to thank for the discovery of reversible reactions. Biography of Lechatelier A biography of the man with the principle. Advanced work for Module #15 Calculating pH A discussion of the mathematical definition of pH and how to calculate it. Click on the boxes at the top to page through the discussion, and then do the example problems to see if you understand. Buffer Systems You can make a solution called a "buffer" that resists changes in pH. You can learn about those solutions here. Please note that you need to have covered the advanced material in Module #10 to understand this. pH Control in the Human Body This is an excerpt from our advanced biology book. It explains how the pH of your blood is controlled. You need the Acrobat Reader to view this. The main reason I put this here is that there is an experiment you can do to make a buffer solution. Buffer Quiz A quiz to see if you understood buffer systems.

Links for Module #16

Extra Help for Module #16 Assigning Oxidation Numbers and Recognizing Redox Reactions This site has good info on both assigning oxidation numbers and recognizing redox reactions. To choose the subject, click on it in the upper, left-hand portion of the site. Then, click on "tutorial" for extra help. The tutorial on Identifying Redox Rxns & Agents is quite good, but you must have the Flash Player to view it. You can then click on "practice" to try some problems. The practice problems are interactive, and they also use the Flash Player. Galvanic cells This is a good animation of a Galvanic cell. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Interesting Links Related to Module #16 Galvanic Cells This is a good animation of a Galvanic cell. You must have the Flash Player to view this. Making a Galvanic Cell This experiment was developed by a student, Jason Ekstrand. You can do it at home, provided you have a voltmeter and some flexible tubing. You can actually substitute a paper towel soaked in saltwater for the flexible tubing full of saltwater. You need the Acrobat Reader to view this. How Batteries Work A detailed discussion of batteries. Luigi Galvani A biography of the man who discovered the principle behind Galvanic cells. It concentrates on his Christian faith. How Galvani Discovered the Principle Behind Galvanic Cells A very interesting discussion of the BIOLOGY that led Galvani to discover the principle behind Galvanic cells. Alessandro Volta A biography of the man whose name is used to measure electricity. Advanced work for Module #16 Half Reactions Redox reactions can be split into "half reactions." Read about them here. Balancing Redox Reactions in Acidic Solutions Some redox reactions are incredibly tough to balance - so much so that it is an advanced topic. This shows you how to balance redox reactions that occur in acidic solution. Balancing Redox Reactions in Basic Solutions This shows you how to balance redox reactions that occur in solutions with pH > 7. More on Balancing Redox Reactions Click on "Balancing Redox Rxns" in the upper, left-hand portion of the site. Then, click on the tutorials for extra help on balancing redox reactions. The tutorials are quite good, but you must have the Flash Player to view it. You can then click on "practice" to try some problems. The practice problems are interactive, and they also use the Flash Player.

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